Appendix A Semantic classes for selectional preference coding _=Anything =Tops Children=Animate, Inanimate, Abstract. 501 nouns are coded 'anything', including Animate Parent=- Children=Human, Group, Animal, Body Part, Plant 78 nouns are coded 'animate', including, for example, cell, extraterrestrial, insectivore, juvenile, life forn, male, organism, virus. Human (+gods etc.) Parent=Animate Children=Group 5,828 nouns are coded 'human', including, for example, aborigine, abuser, accessory £¬babysitter, bird , Buddha, couch potato, the Devil, Eskimo. Group (+institutions) Parent=animate 1,219 nouns are coded 'group', including, for example, academy, airline, BBC, bratpack, cabinet , the Church, commonwealth, elite, EU, family. Animal (+dragons etc.) Parent=animate 1,152 nouns are coded 'animal', including, for example, aardvark, amoeba, ant, guppy, larva, pet, phoenix, plankton. Plant Parent=animate 690 nouns are coded 'plant', including, for example, acacia, almond, bay , cauliflower, fruit, peanut, pot . Body Part (+plant part) Parent=animate 895 nouns are coded 'body part', including nouns for skins and skin growths, hair, and parts of plants-berrys, nuts, buds, stems etc. Eg: abdomen, abscess, bark, birthmark, blubber, dreadlocks, fig. Inanimate Parent=- Children=clothing, energy, food, object, place, substance 851 nouns are coded 'inanimate', including, for example, clock, column, constellation, contraband, dart, fence, hurdle, kit, ladder, muslin. Object Parent=Inanimate Children=container, device, money 3,473 nouns are coded 'object', including, for example, accessory, altar, anchor, armchair, book, button, cigarette, domino. Device Parent=Object Children=instrument, vehicle 1,579 nouns are coded 'device', including, for example, brake, broomstick, callipers, cassette, chisel, corkscrew. Instrument (measuring, musical etc.) Parent=device 206 nouns are coded 'instrument', including, for example, banjo, breathalyzer, gauge, sextant, tachograph, zither. Vehicle Parent=device 470 nouns are coded 'vehicle', including, aeroplante, blimp, chopper, fleet, jeep, skateboard, wheelchair. Money Parent=Object 522 nouns are coded 'money', including, for example, airfare, annuity, bail, baksheesh, ecu, income, stock, tax, zloty. Container Parent=Object 483 nouns are coded 'container', including, for example, backpack, barrel, cupboard, dustbin, handbag, letterbox, pigeonhole. Place Parent=inanimate Children=builiding 2,502 nouns are coded 'place', including, for example, abode, afterworld, arcade, bathroom, bookshop, borough, borstal, continent. Building (all constructions) Parent=place 671 nouns are coded 'building', including, for example, brewery, cafeteria, chippy, church, farmhouse, mansion. Many of these nouns are coded both building and place to account for the two different senses and syntactic behaviours. Jail, for example, is a place, when one is 'in jail', and a building when one lives opposite it. Substance Parent=inanimate Children=gas, liquid, solid 1,407 nouns are coded 'substance', including, for example, natural and man-made materials, nouns which do not fit comfortably into one of its children classes, or span more than one of the three classes. Eg: acid, aftershave, ammonia, angora, cholesterol, cocaine, corduroy, mist. Solid Parent=substance 130 nouns are coded 'solid', including, for example, asbestos, brass, crystal, ice, marble, sapphire, tin. Liquid Parent=substance Children=drink 313 nouns are coded 'liquid', including, for example, sauces, soups, oils, liquid fuels, juices and spirits. Drind Parent=Liquid 244 nouns are coded 'drink', including, wines, teas, beers, beverages and juices. Many of these are double coded as both drink and liquid. Gas Parent=substance 89 nouns are coded 'gas', including, for example, air, oxygen, smoke, wind, steam. Food Parent=inanimate 1,236 nouns are coded 'food', including nouns for meals, fruits, vegetables, meats, patisserie etc. Many of the nouns in this class arre double-coded. Chicken, for example is both Animal and Food; broccoli is both Plant and Food; soup is both Liquid and Food. Clothing Parent=inanimate 710 nouns are coded 'clothing', including, for example, anorak, apron, armour, caftan, clog, disguise, earring. Energy Parent=inanimate 177 nouns arecoded 'energy', including, for example, electricity, friction, jet, laser, lightning, power, spark, sunshine, wave, watt. Abstract Parent= Children=time, sound, activity, quality, sensations, event, communication, process, belief, state. 1600 nouns are coded 'abstract'. These include: abstract concepts, such as choice, consequence, death, destiny, fate, faith, truth; social concepts such as fame, fortune, fashion, virtue; and political concepts such as fascism and feminism. Time Parent=Abstract 760 nouns are coded 'time', including, for example, age, afternoon, April, bicentenary, coffee break, dynasty, future, Hanukkah, occasion, Raj. Sound Parent=Abstract 685 nouns are coded 'sound', including, for example, adagio, anthem, babble, baritone, bop, burp, catcall, cluck, duet, echo. Activity (actions, movements) Parent=Abstract 4,496 nouns are coded 'activity, including, for example, abuse, acrobatics, administration, backgammon, baking, bondage, communication, counseling, ELT. Activities/actions are, necessarily, carried out by conscious, volitional subjects (Human, Animal, Institution, Countries) or as a result of internal forces within the subject. They have no inherent culmination. A suitable diagnostic for an Activity is the possibility of inserting the noun in question into the y slot in the frame: x took part in (the) y Quality (+ability, colours) Parent=Abstract 2,922 nouns are coded 'quality', including, for example, abruptness, absorbency, absurdity, accessibility, adequacy, alkalinity, athleticism. Quality nouns are for the most part de-adjectival, with one of the following suffixes: -ness, -ity, -cism, ility, -cy. These nouns are often double-coded Quality and State eg. baldness. A suitable diagnostic for a Quality is the possibility of inserting the noun in question into the x slot in the frame: displaying x Sensations (+emotions, feelings) Parent=Abstract 721 nouns are coded 'sensations', including, for example, admiration, aftertaste, agony, aquaphobia, arousal, awe, contempt, dyspepsia, glee, narcissism. Sensations describe both the physical and the mental/emotional. Event Parent=Abstract 1,600 nouns are coded 'event', including, for example, abdication, acquittal, anniversary, Armageddon, birth, contest, denouement. Events are 'happenings' (they take place); they have an end-point which is often inherently expressed or understood in the noun. For example, arrival: an arrival does not take place until it happens and is over once it has happened (of. birth, abdication). Hence the unacceptability of *John's arrival lasted 3 days. 'Event' also includes social and historical events. Process Parent=Abstract 818 nouns are coded 'process', including, for example, acceleration, amelioration, analysis, condensation, dismemberment, enlargement. A process involves a transition from one state to another, takes place over time rather than in one moment and has some natural culmination a new state. A typical process noun has one of the following morphologies: de...ation eg. deforestation (causing to become less 'foresty') en...ment eg. enlargement (causing to become more large) em...ment eg. embellishment (causing to become more beautiful) ac...ation eg. acceleration (causing to become faster) These pre-and suffixes represent the semantic core: causes x to become (more or less) y. Belief Parent=Abstract 1,291 nouns are coded 'belief', including, for example, knowledge, systems, science, disciplines, styles, superstitions, religions, attiudes and theories. These are often double-coded, eg. xenophobia is coded both Belief and Sensations; lexicography is coded both Belief (science) and Activity. State (+conditions, diseases) Parent=Abstract 1,556 nouns are coded 'state', including, for example, alcoholism, amnesia, anarchy, bliss, childlessness, constipation. A suitable diagnostic for State is the possibility of inserting the noun in question into the x slot in the frame : in a state of x. Nouns are often double- coded both State and Quality, as noted under Quality above. Communication Parent=Abstract Children=Measurement 2,895 nouns are coded 'communication', including for example, languages, linguistc terms and nouns associated with speech and text, symbols, communicated things, works of art and literature, vehicles of communication, accents, abbreviations and official documents. Measurement (+Amounts/levels) Parent=Communication 1,301 nouns are coded 'measurement', including, for example, ampere, handful, centimeter, fraction, degree, dose, extent, grant. Some of these nouns are double-coded. Grant, for example, is both Measurement and Money; microsecond is both Measurement and Time.